{"id":142,"date":"2018-09-14T09:32:37","date_gmt":"2018-09-14T06:32:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ahmetkabil.com\/?page_id=142"},"modified":"2022-10-19T10:52:07","modified_gmt":"2022-10-19T07:52:07","slug":"rize","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ahmetkabil.com\/?page_id=142","title":{"rendered":"Rize Tanitimi"},"content":{"rendered":"
R\u0130ZE’N\u0130N TAR\u0130H\u0130 VE TANITIMI<\/strong><\/div>\n

\n\u0130lin Ad\u0131n\u0131n Kayna\u011f\u0131<\/b><\/div>\n
\n

Rize\u2019nin tarihi \u00f6ncesi hakk\u0131nda bilgilerimiz s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00f6reye hakim olan orman dokusu nedeniyle, Rize\u2019nin tarih \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131 ile ilgili bilgilere \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutacak arkeolojik bulgular da bu g\u00fcne kadar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rize\u2019nin tarihi ancak kom\u015fu illerin ve b\u00f6lgelerin tarihleri ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nabilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Rize ilinin ad\u0131 ile ilgili olarak de\u011fi\u015fik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr; Yunanca pirin\u00e7 anlam\u0131na gelen Rhisos, Rumca\u2019da \u201cRIZA\u201d olarak da\u011f ete\u011fi anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131ca\u2019da ise \u201cR\u0130ZE\u201d ufak k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Erzincan\u2019\u0131n Sakalar d\u00f6nemindeki \u201cEriza\u201d olan ad\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki \u201ce\u201d sesinin d\u00fc\u015fmesi ile ada\u015f olarak Rize i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk Tarihi \u0130zler<\/b><\/p>\n

Rize ili ve \u00e7evresinin bilinen ilk hakim ahalisi, biti\u015fken dilli ve Asya k\u00f6kenli kavimlerdir. Bunlar Rize ve \u00e7evresinde tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla ge\u00e7inen yerle\u015fik topluluklar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu topluluklardan \u201cKULKU-KULKHA\u201dlar\u0131n ad\u0131na, Erzurum y\u00f6resini kendi \u00fclkesinin topraklar\u0131na katan URARTU kral\u0131 II. SARDUR (M.\u00d6. 765-735) \u2018un \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r g\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcneyinde Ta\u015fk\u00f6pr\u00fc k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcst\u00fcndeki kayal\u0131klara kazd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131l\u0131 kitabede rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M.\u00d6. 2000\u2032lerde Kafkas da\u011flar\u0131 ile Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyinde ya\u015fayan Kimmerler\u2019in \u00dclkesi, M.\u00d6. 720 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Sakalar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edildi. Kimmerler\u2019in Azak denizi ile Kafkaslar aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan kolu, Sakalar\u2019\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 ile M.\u00d6. 714 y\u0131llar\u0131nda yurtlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakarak Aras ve \u00c7oruh nehri boylar\u0131nca yay\u0131ld\u0131lar. Kimmerler\u2019in bu ilk g\u00f6\u00e7leri, en eski destani G\u00fcrcistan tarihi olan \u201cKartlis-\u00c7khovrebe\u201dda kartli (G\u00fcrcistan) ve kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131 esarete ald\u0131klar\u0131 ilk seferi diye an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Daha sonralar\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak ve Adana B\u00f6lgesine kadar hakim olan Kimmerler\u2019den, Trabzon-Bayburt aras\u0131ndaki Kemer da\u011f\u0131, Rize \u00c7ayeli \u0130l\u00e7esi \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki Kemer k\u00f6y\u00fc, K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak boyundaki Gemerek ile Kars\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusunda yer alan \u00dcmr\u00fc gibi co\u011frafya adlar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Tuna ve Karpatlara kadar Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019ya hakim olan Sakalar M.\u00d6. 680 y\u0131l\u0131nda kendilerine itaat etmeyen son Kimmerler\u2019i de yenerek Azerbaycan ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a yay\u0131ld\u0131lar. Saka Kral\u0131 MADOVA\u2019n\u0131n M.\u00d6. 626\u2032da Medler\u2019ce hile ile \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u00fczerine Heredot\u2019un and\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cAsya\u2019da 28 y\u0131l s\u00fcren Sakalar\u0131n hakimiyetleri\u201d sona erdi.<\/p>\n

Saka g\u00f6\u00e7leri s\u0131ras\u0131nda, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u00c7oruh ve Rize-Batum aras\u0131na \u201cKala\u00e7\u201d adl\u0131 bir T\u00fcrk boyu yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu boyun yerle\u015fti\u011fi b\u00f6lgeye, M.S. 150 y\u0131llar\u0131nda yaz\u0131lan PTOLEMEUS\u2019un co\u011frafyas\u0131nda Kalarzen, G\u00fcrc\u00fc kaynaklarda ise Klarc-et (=Klar\u00e7 yurdu) denmektedir. Batom-Rize aras\u0131nda g\u00fcneyden Karadeniz\u2019e esen s\u0131cak r\u00fczgarlar hala \u201cKala\u015f yeli\u201d olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Rize y\u00f6resindeki T\u00fcrkmen\/O\u011fuz toplulu\u011fu i\u00e7inde yer alan Askur Boyunun Rize\u2019nin do\u011fusundaki Askoroz \u00e7ay\u0131 diye bilinen \u00e7aya ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerektir. Yine Sakalar\u0131n Horosan kolunun gelen Ar\u015faklar ve Balkarlar Bayburt \u00e7evresi \u00c7oruh vadisi boyunca yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Bu y\u00fczden Bayburt ve \u0130spir\u2019in kuzeyindeki s\u0131ra da\u011flara g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ve hece kaymas\u0131yla \u201cBalkal\u201d ve buradan g\u00fcneye do\u011fru esen ya\u011fmur getiren r\u00fczgara da \u201cBalkal yeli\u201d denile gelmektedir. Rize\u2019de Hem\u015finlilerin en g\u00fczel yaylalar\u0131 Baykal da\u011flar\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Koloni D\u00f6nemi<\/b><\/p>\n

M.\u00d6. 670 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ege\u2019de ya\u015fayan Milletoslu denizciler Marmara ve Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda Plinius\u2019un tarihine g\u00f6re 10 kadar empeion (Pazar yeri) ad\u0131 verilen ticari nitelikle liman \u015fehirleri kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu arada Rize\u2019nin de Kolonize edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 kuvvetle muhtemeldir.<\/p>\n

Tarihi ak\u0131\u015f i\u00e7erisinde M.\u00d6. 7 YY sonlar\u0131nda Kimmer ak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n Anadolu\u2019yu karga\u015faya s\u00fcr\u00fcklemesinden faydalanan Medler\u2019in y\u00f6reyi istila giri\u015fimleri, M.\u00d6. 550\u2032de Med krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kan Pers kral\u0131 II. Kiros\u2019un ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde ki istila hareketleri y\u00f6redeki sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 kavimlerin kar\u015f\u0131 koymalar\u0131 nedeni ile Rize \u00e7evresinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in Pers kral\u0131 III. Darius\u2019u kesin bir yenilgiye u\u011fratmas\u0131 ile eline ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi Anadolu Hakimiyeti M.\u00d6. 323 senesine kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun devam\u0131 niteli\u011finde olan Pontos, Koppodkida, Bithynia gibi krall\u0131klar kurulmu\u015ftur. Ancak Trabzon, Rize gibi bir tak\u0131m serbest \u015fehirler, bu krall\u0131klara ba\u011fl\u0131 olmadan varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Pontos Ve Sel\u00e7uklular D\u00f6nemi<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0130skenderin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Komutanlar\u0131 ve Satraplar aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar egemenlik sava\u015flar\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan eden Mitridates Kitistes Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda Sinop dolaylar\u0131na do\u011fru geni\u015fleyen Pontos krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurdu. Pontos kral\u0131 Farnakes M.\u00d6. 180\u2032de Rize\u2019yi \u0130\u015fgal ederek krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklar\u0131na katt\u0131.<\/p>\n

M.\u00d6. 5. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyini gezen Herodot sakalar\u0131n \u201cAlazon\u201d (+Alazlar) boyundan s\u00f6z eder. M.S. 23-79 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Romal\u0131 P\u0130L\u0130NUS ayn\u0131 y\u00f6rede \u201cLaz\u2019lar\u201d (Laz\u2019oi) adl\u0131 bir kavim ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirir. 131 y\u0131l\u0131nda Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 gemi ile dola\u015fan Romal\u0131 ARR\u0130ANOS, Karadeniz\u2019in do\u011fusunda hakim olan Lazlardan bahseder.<\/p>\n

Rize, M.S. 10-395 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Roma, 395 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren de Bizans hakimiyeti alt\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sakalar\u0131n Kars, I\u011fd\u0131r kesimine yak\u0131n G\u00f6k\u00e7eg\u00f6l ile Alagez da\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan bir boyu olan Amadunuler 626 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ranl\u0131lar\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtulmak i\u00e7in Boy Beyleri Hamam\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00c7oruh \u0131rma\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131p Rize\u2019nin Dampur adl\u0131 \u0131ss\u0131z yerini \u015fenlendirerek ve bu y\u00f6reye HAMAM-A \u015eEN (Hamam\u0131n \u015fenli\u011fi) ad\u0131n\u0131 vererek yerle\u015fip yurt tuttular. Bu y\u00f6reye bu g\u00fcn Hem\u015fin denmektedir. 646 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00f6re Araplar taraf\u0131ndan vergiye ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olup 737 y\u0131l\u0131nda da k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre Araplar\u2019\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

XI. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Rize\u2019ye T\u00fcrkmenlerin ak\u0131nlar\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r. 1071 Malazgirt zaferi ile birlikte Bizans\u2019tan feth edilen b\u00f6lgelerde T\u00fcrk emirlikleri kurulurken, Erzurum-Saltuklular\u0131 da \u00c7oruh nehri boylar\u0131 ile birlikte Rize b\u00f6lgesini hudutlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine ald\u0131lar. Alpaslano\u011flu Sultan Melik\u015fah\u0131n emirlerinden Ebu Yakup ile Emir \u0130sa B\u00f6ri ad\u0131ndaki Komutanlar 24 Haziran 1080 Posof-Kol zaferi ile Apkaz-G\u00fcrcistan krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yenerek Giresun\u2019un bat\u0131s\u0131na kadar olan Do\u011fu Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesinde Bizans\u2019\u0131n Hakimiyetine son verdiler. B\u00f6ylelikle B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n y\u00fckselme devrinde t\u00fcm Anadolu ile birlikte Rize de Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n hakimiyetine girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fmelerden sonra 100 bin n\u00fcfuslu \u00c7epni\u2019ler ile K\u00fcrt\u00fcnler Do\u011fu Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ve Rize\u2019nin \u0130kizdere kesimine yerle\u015ftirildiler. 1098 y\u0131l\u0131nda Dan\u0131\u015fmenlilerin y\u00f6reye k\u0131sa bir d\u00f6nem hakimiyetleri s\u00f6z konusudur. Ancak Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferleri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden canlanan Bizanslar, 1098\u2032de Trabzon ve Rize kesimini Emir\u00fcssevahil S\u00fcl\u00fcbey\u2019den ald\u0131lar. \u00c7oruh vadisinde yerle\u015fmi\u015f olan K\u0131p\u00e7ak boyundan Kubasar ailesi ve taraftarlar\u0131 1195 tarihinde do\u011fudan yeni-K\u0131p\u00e7aklar\u0131n geli\u015finden rahats\u0131z olarak Bizans idaresindeki Rize ve Trabzon b\u00f6lgesine gelip yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. \u0130kizdere ve S\u00fcrmene\u2019deki 60 aileden \u00e7ok Kumbasar oyma\u011f\u0131, bunlar\u0131n torunlar\u0131d\u0131r. IV. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferinde Frenklerin \u0130stanbul\u2019u i\u015fgali \u00fczerine bask\u0131dan ka\u00e7an KOMMENLER soyu, 1204 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rize\u2019yi de i\u00e7ine alan TRABZON PONTOS RUM imparatorlu\u011funu kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131lar D\u00f6nemi<\/b><\/p>\n

Trabzon Rumlar\u0131, 1456 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Osmanl\u0131 devletine vergi vermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, 1461 y\u0131l\u0131nda Trabzon\u2019u feth eden Fatih Sultan Mehmet 1470 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ali Pa\u015fa ismindeki Komutan taraf\u0131ndan Rize ve \u00e7evresi T\u00fcrk egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece Anadolu T\u00fcrk birli\u011fine kat\u0131lan Rize b\u00f6lgesine, 1461 y\u0131l\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda \u00c7oruh, Amasya, Samsun ve Tokat\u2019tan; 1466 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131lan Karamano\u011flu Beyli\u011fi bir daha canlanmas\u0131n diye Konya y\u00f6resinden; 1501 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015eil \u015eah \u0130smail\u2019in y\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 S\u00fcnni Akkoyunlulardan Tebriz ve \u00f6teki b\u00f6lgelerden ka\u00e7anlardan; 1515 y\u0131l\u0131nda Dulkad\u0131rli beyli\u011fi kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca Mara-Elbistan T\u00fcrkmenleri Trabzon ve Rize y\u00f6resine yerle\u015ftirildiler. Yavuz Selim devrinde Trabzon\u2019un do\u011fusundaki dirliklerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc O\u011fuz boyu \u00c7epniler\u2019in elinde idi. Fakat \u00c7epnilerin Trabzon\u2019un do\u011fusundaki yerlere ve bilhassa Rize b\u00f6lgesinde yerle\u015fmeleri sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda olmu\u015ftur. Ger\u00e7ekten \u00c7epniler karada ve denizde yi\u011fit\u00e7e m\u00fccadele vererek oralarda kalabal\u0131k topluluklar halinde yurt tutmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bilhassa Rize \u015fehri ve b\u00f6lgesinde \u00c7epniler yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. \u015eimdi Rize \u015fehri ve b\u00f6lgesinde sadece T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fulmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi bu yo\u011fun \u00c7epni yerle\u015fmesidir. Zaman\u0131m\u0131zda Rize b\u00f6lgesindeki k\u00f6ylerde \u00c7epni adl\u0131 ailelere rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u00c7epni bu y\u00f6rede \u201cyi\u011fit\u201d , \u201cg\u00f6z\u00fc pek\u201d, \u201ccesur ve \u00e7etin\u201d, adam manas\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n

Yavuz Sultan Selim\u2019in sancak beyli\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Annesi G\u00fclbahar Hatun Sultan Rize\u2019ye gelerek kendi ad\u0131 ile an\u0131lan camii yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren Rize\u2019de Tuzcuo\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n isyan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fik tarihlerde birka\u00e7 kez tekrarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1834 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu isyanlara son verilerek Tuzcuo\u011fullar\u0131 Rumeli de iskan edilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Rize, 1867 Vilayet Nizamnamesine g\u00f6re Trabzon Vilayetinin merkez sanca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 6 kazas\u0131ndan biri durumundad\u0131r. 1877 y\u0131l\u0131nda merkez sanca\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 nahiye olmu\u015ftur. 1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131 Rus sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Lazistan sanca\u011f\u0131 kurulunca Rize hem kaza, hem de bu sanca\u011f\u0131n merkezi oldu. Birinci Cihan sava\u015f\u0131nda 9 Mart 1916 tarihinde Rize, Ruslar\u0131n i\u015fgaline u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, 2 Mart 1918 de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi<\/b><\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemine kadar sancak merkezi olan Rize, 20 Nisan 1924 tarihinde Vilayet olmu\u015ftur. 2 Ocak 1936 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 2885 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunla Erzurum\u2019dan Yusufeli il\u00e7esi, Rize\u2019de Pazar il\u00e7esinden sonraki arazi parseli, il\u00e7e ve bucaklar al\u0131nmak sureti ile bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Artvin ili \u00c7oruh ad\u0131 ile vilayet haline getirilmi\u015f ve Rize ili de tek il\u00e7esi olan Pazarla kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn ise Pazar il\u00e7esi ile birlikte 12 il\u00e7esi bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Rize\u2019yi ziyareti \u201cAtat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Sonbahar Seyahatleri\u201d adl\u0131 kitapta \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk 17 Eyl\u00fcl 1924\u2032te saat 17 s\u0131ralar\u0131nda Hamidiye Krav\u00fcz\u00f6r\u00fc ile Rize\u2019ye gelmi\u015ftir. Vali, kumandanlar ve halk motorlar ve kay\u0131klarla kar\u015f\u0131lamaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve co\u015fkun halk tabakalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Silah sesleri ve co\u015fkun alk\u0131\u015flarla b\u00fcy\u00fck misafir selamland\u0131. \u00c7e\u015fitli heyetler, karaya ayak basm\u0131\u015f bulunan Reisi Cumhuru b\u00fcy\u00fck bir co\u015fkunlukla kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.Her taraf\u0131 bayraklarla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Rize, bir bayram yeri haline d\u00f6nd\u00fc, Reisicumhur hazretleri h\u00fck\u00fcmet kona\u011f\u0131na ve bunu takiben belediyeye, halk f\u0131kras\u0131 ve kumandanl\u0131\u011fa te\u015frif etti. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek i\u00e7in gelen heyetler de kurbanlar keserek kendilerine b\u00fcy\u00fck sevgi g\u00f6sterilerinde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Geceleyin fener alaylar\u0131 d\u00fczenlenerek bu sevin\u00e7 devam ettirilmi\u015ftir. Reisicumhur, ayr\u0131ca bir hoca heyetini de kabul etmi\u015ftir. 17 Eyl\u00fcl 1924 tarihinde Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Rize\u2019ye te\u015frif ettiklerinde misafir kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ev bug\u00fcn Atat\u00fcrk M\u00fczesi olarak halk\u0131n ziyaretine a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Co\u011frafi Konum<\/b><\/p>\n

Rize\u2019de kuzeydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da; Do\u011fu Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131 \u015feridinin do\u011fusunda, 40o-22\u2032 ve 41o-28\u2032 do\u011fu meridyenleri ile 40o-20\u2032 ve 41o-20\u2032 kuzey paralelleri aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Bat\u0131dan Trabzon\u2019un Of, g\u00fcneyden Erzurum\u2019un \u0130spir, Do\u011fudan Artvin\u2019in Yusufeli ve Arhavi il\u00e7eleri ve kuzeyden Karadeniz ile \u00e7evrili olan Rize\u2019nin g\u00f6ller hari\u00e7 y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc 3920 km2 dir.<\/p>\n

Yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015eekilleri<\/b><\/p>\n

Do\u011fu Karadeniz K\u0131y\u0131 s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131 yay\u0131n\u0131n kuzey yamac\u0131nda yer alan Rize topraklar\u0131 genel ifade ile da\u011fl\u0131k ve engebelidir. Ancak bu genel topografik durum dikey y\u00f6nde baz\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar arz etmektedir. Bu nedenle Rize\u2019nin topografyas\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmde incelemekte fayda vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u0131y\u0131 \u015eeridi ve Al\u00fcvyon d\u00fczl\u00fckleri<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00c7ok dar olan bu sahan\u0131n Rize topo\u011frafyas\u0131 i\u00e7inde ayr\u0131 bir yeri vard\u0131r. Kabaca80 kmuzunlu\u011fundaki k\u0131y\u0131 \u015feridinin geni\u015fli\u011fi akarsu vadileri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ortalama 20-150 m. aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. \u00c7ok say\u0131da akarsu taraf\u0131ndan kesilen bu \u015feridin en geni\u015f d\u00fczl\u00fcklerini taban seviyesi ovalar\u0131 olu\u015fturur. T\u00fcm\u00fcyle akarsular\u0131n getirdi\u011fi al\u00fcvyonlardan olu\u015fan bu d\u00fczl\u00fckler, akarsular\u0131n denize kavu\u015ftu\u011fu noktadan itibaren i\u00e7eriye do\u011fru 500-600 metreye kadar taban seviyesi ovas\u0131 \u015feklinde, 9-10 km\u2019ye kadar da tara\u00e7a d\u00fczl\u00fckleri \u015feklinde uzan\u0131rlar. Bu d\u00fczl\u00fcklerin k\u0131y\u0131 boyunca olan geni\u015flikleri ise yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak200 mile1000 maras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmekte olup hemen tamam\u0131 yerle\u015fmeye sahne olmu\u015ftur. Bunlardan en geni\u015f olan\u0131 Arde\u015fen il\u00e7e merkezinin yerle\u015fim alan\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan F\u0131rt\u0131na Deresi\u2019nin taban seviyesi ovas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek k\u0131y\u0131lar kategorisine giren Rize k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 genellikle sade bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f arz eder. K\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7izgisi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutlu ve asimetrik girinti ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lardan olu\u015fur. B\u00fct\u00fcn burunlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne k\u0131y\u0131dan 5-25 m, hatta bazen150 m. uzakl\u0131kta ve boyutlar\u0131 5-10-15 maras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen ta\u015f adac\u0131klar\u0131 mevcuttur. Di\u011fer taraftan karayolunun in\u015fas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tahrip edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen yer yer tara\u00e7a ve falezlere de rastlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Derin Vadilerle Yar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Da\u011fl\u0131k Saha<\/b><\/p>\n

Topografya k\u0131y\u0131 d\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn hemen gerisinde ar\u0131zalanmakta ve y\u00fckselti birdenbire 150-200 m\u2019yi bulmaktad\u0131r. Buradan itibaren arazi, giderek daralan akarsu vadileri taraf\u0131ndan derin bir \u015fekilde yar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gerek ana akarsular ve gerekse bu akarsular\u0131n orta \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131 boyunca ald\u0131klar\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131z kollar araziyi \u015fiddetle a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7ok ar\u0131zal\u0131 bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Keskin ve birbirine yak\u0131n s\u0131rtlar, dik yama\u00e7l\u0131 \u201cV\u201d profilli vadiler yakla\u015f\u0131k2000 my\u00fcksekli\u011fine kadar olan bu sahan\u0131n karakteristik topo\u011frafik g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015ftururlar.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek Da\u011fl\u0131k Saha ve Buzul Topo\u011frafyas\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n

Kabaca2000 my\u00fckseklikten ba\u015flayan bu sahan\u0131n 3000-3200 my\u00fcksekli\u011fe kadar olan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda topo\u011frafya bas\u0131k s\u0131rtlar, dik yama\u00e7l\u0131 \u201cU\u201d profilli vadilerden olu\u015fur. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc jeolojik zaman\u0131n buzul devrelerinde geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde buzul a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131na sahne olan bu sahada \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutlu buzyala\u011f\u0131 ve moren set g\u00f6lleri mevcuttur.<\/p>\n

Bu sahan\u0131n, y\u00fcksekli\u011fi3000 m\u2019yi a\u015fan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 ise Rize\u2019nin en sarp ve en ar\u0131zal\u0131 kesiminin olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00e7\u0131plak ve tamamen kayal\u0131k zirveler ile bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki keskin s\u0131rtlar\u0131n yama\u00e7lar\u0131 insan\u0131n gezmesini engelleyecek kadar diktir. Rize\u2019nin en y\u00fcksek noktalar\u0131n\u0131 bu s\u0131rtlar \u00a0aras\u0131ndaki zirveler olu\u015fturur. \u00dczerinde h\u00e2l\u00e2 buzul bulunan ve Rize topraklar\u0131n\u0131n en y\u00fcksek noktas\u0131 olan Ka\u00e7kar Tepesi (3937m) ile Ver\u00e7enik (\u00fc\u00e7 doruk) Tepesi (3709m), Koyunsoka\u011f\u0131 Vacakar da\u011f\u0131 (3458m), \u00c7aymak\u00e7ur Tepesi (3420m), Gudashevsivrisi Tepesi (3406m), Koyunsoka\u011f\u0131 tepesi (3342m), Marsis Tepesi (3334m) ve A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Karata\u015f Tepesi (3322m) bu zirvelerden baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ar\u0131zal\u0131 topo\u011frafya F\u0131nd\u0131kl\u0131 il\u00e7e merkezinin g\u00fcneyinden itibaren sarpl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve y\u00fcksekli\u011fini kaybetmeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Jeolojik Yap\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n

Do\u011fu Karadeniz Da\u011fl\u0131k Sistemine dahil olan Rize arazisi esas itibariyle paleozoik (I.zaman) bir temel \u00fczerinde ve Kretase\u2019de (III. Zaman ara devresi) ba\u015flayan b\u00fcy\u00fck orojenezle (Da\u011f olu\u015fumu) y\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f Granodiorit ve Kretase fli\u015flerinden ibaret olmakla birlikte yer yer Neojen depolar\u0131na da rastlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn k\u0131y\u0131 kesimi y\u00fczeyde \u00fcst Kretase serisi volkanik \u00f6rt\u00fc ve t\u00fcflerin fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile dikkati \u00e7eker. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00c7ayeli-Pazar aras\u0131ndaki t\u00fcnellerin deniz taraf\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan falezler, andezitlerle ophiolitlerin te\u015fkil etti\u011fi kaba greler ve bunlarla kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k olarak bulunan ince konglomera ve aglomera banklar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

K\u0131y\u0131ya yak\u0131n yama\u00e7larda ise Kretase sedimanlar\u0131 yayg\u0131n olmakla beraber, bu sedimanlar\u0131n \u00fczeri yer yer Eosen fli\u015f serileri taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6rt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Vadi boylar\u0131nda bu \u00f6rt\u00fclerin alt\u0131nda yer yer aflore olmu\u015f trakit, andezit ve bazalt s\u00fctunlar\u0131na rastlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek da\u011fl\u0131k sahada ise daha \u00e7ok ma\u011fmatik elemanlar hakim durumdad\u0131r. Aflore olan granit, andezit ve bazalt k\u00fctleleri y\u00fcksekli\u011fi3000 m\u2019yi a\u015fan hemen her yerde hakim durumdad\u0131r.Y\u00f6rede al\u00fcvyonlara b\u00fcy\u00fck akarsu vadilerinin denizden itibaren en \u00e7ok10 km\u2019ye kadar olan kesimlerinde rastlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130klim<\/b><\/p>\n

Rize\u2019de yazlar\u0131 serin, k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u0131l\u0131man ve her mevsimi ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir iklim g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Elli y\u0131l boyunca yap\u0131lan rasat sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re Rize\u2019nin y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u0131cakl\u0131k ortalamas\u0131 14 oC\u2019yi biraz ge\u00e7er. Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde kaydedilen en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k -7 oC olup 23 Mart 1962\u2032de, en y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ise 38.2 oC olup 21 May\u0131s 1980\u2032de kaydedilmi\u015ftir. En so\u011fuk ay olan Ocak ay\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131k ortalamas\u0131 6.7 oC; en s\u0131cak ay olan Temmuz ay\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131k ortalamas\u0131 ise 22.2 oC\u2019dir. Ocak minimumunun -5.6 oC, Temmuz Maximumunun 32.5 oC oldu\u011fu Rize\u2019de y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u0131cakl\u0131k amplit\u00fcd\u00fc (sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131) 25,8 oC\u2019dir. Bu haliyle Rize, denizsel iklimlerin karakteristik \u00f6zelli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Rize\u2019de ayl\u0131k ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131k e\u011frisi b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u0131l 5 oC\u2019nin \u00fczerinde seyretmekte olup, sadece 4 ay\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131k ortalamas\u0131 10 oC\u2019nin alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn aylar\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131k ortalamas\u0131 10 oC\u2019nin \u00fczerindedir. S\u0131cakl\u0131k ortalamas\u0131 20 oC\u2019yi ge\u00e7en ay say\u0131s\u0131 ise 2\u2032dir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlardan Rize\u2019nin olduk\u00e7a istikrarl\u0131 bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k rejimine sahip oldu\u011fu sonucunu \u00e7\u0131karmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin en \u00e7ok ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan ili olan Rize\u2019de y\u0131ll\u0131k toplam ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u01312300 mm\u2019nin \u00fczerinde olup, ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar her mevsime dengeli olarak da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle Rize\u2019de kurak mevsim yoktur. En az ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan ilkbahar\u0131n toplam ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131 kurakl\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00fczerindedir (367.9 mm).<\/p>\n

Rize\u2019de kurak ay da yoktur. S\u0131cakl\u0131k ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015f e\u011frilerinin seyri izlenirse ya\u011f\u0131\u015f e\u011frisinin hi\u00e7bir ayda s\u0131cakl\u0131k e\u011frisinin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu iki e\u011frinin birbirine en \u00e7ok yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 May\u0131s ay\u0131 bile i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerimizin yaz mevsimi toplam\u0131ndan fazla ya\u011f\u0131\u015f almaktad\u0131r. (94.3 mm)<\/p>\n

Rize\u2019de kar ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ola\u011fand\u0131r. Toplam ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kar \u015feklinde d\u00fc\u015fmekte, akarsu rejim grafi\u011fi Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f e\u011frisi son bahar ve k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda y\u00fckselirken akarsu rejim e\u011frisi bu aylarda maximumun olduk\u00e7a alt\u0131nda seyretmekte ve maximuma ilkbahardan itibaren uzanmaktad\u0131r. Oysa ilkbahar Rize\u2019de en az ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan mevsimdir. Bu durumda k\u0131\u015f\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fen ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n kar \u015feklinde oldu\u011fu ve ilkbaharla birlikte bu kar \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn erimesiyle akarsular\u0131n kabard\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mevsimlere g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte Rize\u2019de nem oran\u0131 her zaman % 75\u2032in \u00fczerindedir. Y\u0131l\u0131n 150 g\u00fcn\u00fc kapal\u0131, 163 g\u00fcn\u00fc bulutlu ge\u00e7mektedir. A\u00e7\u0131k g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n az olmas\u0131 Rize\u2019de g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinden yararlanma imkan\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirmi\u015ftir. Kar\u0131n ortalama 14 g\u00fcn yerde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rize\u2019de donlu g\u00fcn ortalama say\u0131s\u0131 10\u2032dur. Donlu g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n az olmas\u0131 ve minimum s\u0131cakl\u0131k ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n -7 oC\u2019yi ge\u00e7memesi Rize\u2019de narenciye \u00fcretimine imkan vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Rize\u2019de hakim r\u00fczgar y\u00f6n\u00fc G\u00fcneybat\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak 2-3 y\u0131lda bir Kas\u0131m\u2019dan Nisan\u2019a kadar k\u0131sa aral\u0131klarla esen f\u00f6hn r\u00fczgarlar\u0131na da de\u011finmek gerekir. Do\u011fu Anadolu Antisiklonun Sibirya Antisiklonuyla birle\u015ferek g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011fi y\u0131llarda Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da Do\u011fu Karadeniz \u00fczerindeki siklon merkezine do\u011fru y\u00f6nelen hava,3000 m\u2019yi ge\u00e7en Rize da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra k\u0131y\u0131ya do\u011fru inerken \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r ve k\u0131y\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu b\u00f6lgede s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n y\u00fckselmesine yol a\u00e7ar. B\u00f6ylece Rize\u2019de k\u0131\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011ferlerinin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6stermesini \u00f6nler.<\/p>\n

Bitki \u00d6rt\u00fcs\u00fc<\/b><\/p>\n

Bol ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan ve dengeli bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k rejimine sahip olan Rize s\u0131k ve g\u00fcr bir tabii bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcne sahiptir.<\/p>\n

K\u0131y\u0131dan yakla\u015f\u0131k750 my\u00fcksekli\u011fe kadar olan saha geni\u015f yaprakl\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131 ormanlar\u0131 ile kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sahada yer yer i\u011fne yaprakl\u0131lar\u0131n da baz\u0131 s\u0131rtlar boyunca a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lara sarkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. G\u00fcr ve s\u0131k bir orman formasyonu ile ayn\u0131 zamanda da zengin bir orman alt\u0131 formasyonundan olu\u015fan bu y\u00fckseklik basama\u011f\u0131 \u201cKel\u015fik Flora\u201d ad\u0131yla da tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bu basama\u011f\u0131n hakim t\u00fcr\u00fc sakall\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131la\u011fa\u00e7 (Alnus Barbata) olup di\u011fer t\u00fcrler kay\u0131n, kestane, \u0131hlamur t\u00fcrleri, g\u00fcrgen, karaa\u011fa\u00e7 t\u00fcrleri, yabani Trabzon hurmas\u0131, yabani karayemi\u015f, yabani kiraz, defne, \u00e7\u0131nar, tesbih a\u011fac\u0131, me\u015fe, di\u015fbudak ve \u015fim\u015fir\u2019dir. Bunlardan sakall\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131la\u011fa\u00e7 ve yabani karayemi\u015f akarsu vadileri boyunca orman \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na kadar \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu basama\u011f\u0131n orman alt\u0131 bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc de \u00e7ok zengindir. Hakim t\u00fcr; y\u00f6rede \u201cKumar\u201d ad\u0131yla bilinen ve yakacak odun olarak istihsal edilen orman g\u00fcl\u00fc (Rhododendron) olup, say\u0131lamayacak kadar \u00e7ok otsu ve odunsu bitki t\u00fcr\u00fc, orman g\u00fcl\u00fc ile birlikte orman alt\u0131 bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00fckseklik basama\u011f\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u00fclt\u00fcr bitkilerinin de yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f alan\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak konunun kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmamak i\u00e7in burada bunlara yer verilmeyecektir.<\/p>\n

Yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 800-1400 my\u00fckseklikler aras\u0131ndaki ku\u015fak kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k orman ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kat\u0131n yayg\u0131n t\u00fcrlerinin geni\u015f yaprakl\u0131lar\u0131ndan sakall\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131la\u011fa\u00e7, kay\u0131n, kestane, g\u00fcrgen ile i\u011fne yaprakl\u0131lar\u0131ndan ladin ve \u00e7am t\u00fcrleri te\u015fkil eder. Orman alt\u0131 bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc gene orman g\u00fcl\u00fc ile di\u011fer otsu ve odunsu bitkiler olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksekli\u011fin daha da artmas\u0131yla yava\u015f yava\u015f i\u011fne yaprakl\u0131 t\u00fcrler hakim duruma ge\u00e7er. Hele1600 m\u2019den sonra i\u011fne yaprakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n hakimiyeti kesindir. Hakim t\u00fcr do\u011fu ladini (Picea Orientallis) olup, orman \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a Kafkas k\u00f6knar\u0131 da yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. kara\u00e7am da bu ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n yayg\u0131n t\u00fcrlerindendir. Orman alt\u0131 bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc bu ku\u015fakta da de\u011fi\u015fmez. Ayr\u0131ca, Rize ili genelinde Likapa olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 Maviyemi\u015f veya Yaban Mersini t\u00fcrleri de yayg\u0131n \u015fekilde bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Rize\u2019de ormanlar yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 2000-2200 my\u00fcksekliklerde sona erer ve yerini alp \u00e7ay\u0131rlar\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131r. Turuncu ve beyaz renkli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck da\u011f zambaklar\u0131 ile papatyalar gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcrlerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu sahada, \u00e7ay\u0131rlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda lekeler halinde yer yer k\u0131sa boylu, orman g\u00fcl\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 da yer almaktad\u0131r. Yaylac\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetlerine sahne olan bu sahada yakacak ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak amac\u0131yla tahrip edilen orman g\u00fcl\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e azalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Akarsu ve G\u00f6ller<\/b><\/p>\n

Rize, ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 iklimi ve \u00e7ok say\u0131daki yeralt\u0131 su kaynaklar\u0131 sayesinde \u00e7ok zengin bir hidro\u011frafik yap\u0131ya sahip olmu\u015ftur. Rize s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde do\u011fu-bat\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ortalama her 250-300 m\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fck veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck akan bir suya mutlaka rastlan\u0131r. Nitekim Rize arazisinin reliefi de bunu g\u00f6stermektedir. Bundan hareketle Rize\u2019nin, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de akarsu yo\u011funlu\u011fu en fazla olan il oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ancak bunu kesin olarak s\u00f6yleyebilmek i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin b\u00fct\u00fcn illerinde akarsu yo\u011funlu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinin yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Rize\u2019nin akarsular\u0131 k\u0131sa boylu, yatay e\u011filimli fazla olan h\u0131zl\u0131 ak\u0131\u015fl\u0131 akarsulard\u0131r. Rize s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde uzunlu\u011fu5 km\u2019den fazla olan 23 akarsu vard\u0131r. Ancak bunlardan 16 tanesi do\u011frudan do\u011fruya Karadeniz\u2019e ula\u015fmakta olup geri kalan\u0131 ise bu 16 akarsudan birinin kolu durumundad\u0131r. Do\u011frudan do\u011fruya Karadeniz\u2019e ula\u015fan akarsular\u0131n en uzun olanlar\u0131 \u00c7a\u011flayan deresi (34.7km), Ar\u0131l\u0131 Deresi (31.5 km), F\u0131rt\u0131na Deresi (68.0 km), Hem\u015fin Deresi (38,5 km), Sabuncular Deresi (46.0 km), Ta\u015fl\u0131 Dere (34.0 km), \u0130yi Dere (78.4 km)\u2019dir. Di\u011ferlerinin boylar\u0131 k\u0131sad\u0131r. \u00d6yleki kol durumundaki bir \u00e7ok akarsu bile bunlar\u0131n en uzunu olan Venek Deresinden (20.3 km) daha uzundur. \u00d6rne\u011fin F\u0131rt\u0131na Deresinin kollar\u0131 olan Durak Deresi33.0 km, Hala Deresi32.5 kmve Ta\u015fl\u0131 Dere\u2019nin kolu olan Balamya \u00c7ay\u013122.6 km. uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Rize\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck akarsular\u0131 olarak belirtti\u011fimiz 7 akarsudan en uzun olan\u0131 \u0130yi dere (78.4 km) ama beslenme sahas\u0131 en geni\u015f olan\u0131 F\u0131rt\u0131na Deresi\u2019dir (1149.3 km). Havza geni\u015fli\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ikinci s\u0131ray\u0131 \u0130yi Dere (1047.4 km), uzunluk y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ikinci s\u0131ray\u0131 ise F\u0131rt\u0131na Deresi (68km) al\u0131r. Akarsular hidro\u011frafik ve rimlilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilirken \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc olarak havza geni\u015fli\u011fi al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Rize akarsular\u0131n\u0131n karakterinin incelenmesinde F\u0131rt\u0131na Deresi\u2019ni \u00f6rnek olarak almakta fayda vard\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan Rize\u2019nin b\u00fct\u00fcn akarsular\u0131 il s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu, yani akarsu karakterini etkileyen etmenler hepsinde ayn\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ikinci bir akarsuda daha karakter incelemesi yapmaya gerek olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Rize\u2019de akarsular\u0131n karakteri ya\u011fmur, kar, g\u00fcr kaynaklar taraf\u0131ndan belirlenir. \u201cYa\u011fmurlu Karadeniz Rejimi\u201d stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde incelenen bu akarsulardan, biri Eyl\u00fcl\u2019den Kas\u0131m ortalar\u0131na kadar, di\u011feri Mart\u2019tan A\u011fustos\u2019a kadar iki kabar\u0131k ve Kas\u0131m ortalar\u0131ndan Mart\u2019a kadar bir \u00e7ekik devre vard\u0131r. \u00d6rnek olarak al\u0131nan F\u0131rt\u0131na Deresi\u2019nin 25 y\u0131ll\u0131k rasat sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re Rize akarsular\u0131 Kas\u0131m\u2019dan Mart\u2019a kadar \u00e7ekik devreyi ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Bu devrede akarsular sadece g\u00f6l ve kaynak sular\u0131yla beslenmektedirler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu devrede y\u00f6re ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 kar \u015feklinde oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in akarsuyun ya\u011fmur sular\u0131ndan beslenme \u015fans\u0131 yok gibidir. Nitekim en \u00e7ekik seviyenin Ocak ay\u0131na tekab\u00fcl etmesi de bunu kan\u0131tlar (F\u0131rt\u0131na deresi Ocak ortalama debisi 11.3 m3\/sn).<\/p>\n

Mart\u2019tan itibaren \u00f6nce kar erimeleriyle kabarmaya ba\u015flayan akarsular ilk bahar ya\u011fmurlar\u0131yla da beslenince birdenbire kabarmaya ba\u015flar ve kar erimelerinin en \u015fiddetli oldu\u011fu Haziran ay\u0131nda en kabar\u0131k seviyeye ula\u015f\u0131r. (F\u0131rt\u0131na deresi Haziran ortalama debisi 65.2m3\/sn).<\/p>\n

Haziran\u2019dan itibaren kar suyu deste\u011finin azalmas\u0131na paralel olarak akarsular da \u00e7ekilmeye ba\u015flar. Ancak gene de Haziran-A\u011fustos aras\u0131ndaki seviyeleri di\u011fer aylardan daha y\u00fcksektir. Bu seviye kayb\u0131 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de son bulur ve son bahar ya\u011fmurlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle Eyl\u00fcl ortalar\u0131ndan Kas\u0131m\u2019a kadar ikinci kabar\u0131k devre ya\u015fan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Rize akarsular\u0131n\u0131n debileri (1 saniyede ak\u0131t\u0131lan su miktar\u0131) olduk\u00e7a fazlad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin F\u0131rt\u0131na Deresi\u2019nin ortalama debisi (28.4m3\/sn), \u00fczerinde Demirk\u00f6pr\u00fc baraj\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu Gediz Nehri\u2019nden (26m3\/sn); minimum debisi ise (4.6 m3\/sn), K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak (1.7 m3sn) ve Gediz Nehrinden (0.07 m3\/sn) fazla, Dicle Nehri\u2019nin (9.4 m3\/sn) yar\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin di\u011fer akarsular\u0131yla k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a d\u00fczenli rejimli olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen Rize akarsular\u0131n\u0131n as\u0131l dikkat \u00e7eken \u00f6zellikleri elektrik enerji potansiyelleri ve sediment miktarlar\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin di\u011fer akarsular\u0131na g\u00f6re olduk\u00e7a az sediment ta\u015f\u0131yan Rize akarsular\u0131 y\u0131ll\u0131k elektrik enerji potansiyeli bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da elveri\u015fli \u015fartlar arz ederler. Rize akarsular\u0131n\u0131n Do\u011fu Karadeniz Havzas\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131klar\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Karadeniz Havzas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da y\u0131ll\u0131k elektrik enerji potansiyeli bak\u0131m\u0131ndan F\u0131rat ve Dicle Havzalar\u0131ndan sonra yakla\u015f\u0131k 12 milyar Kwh. \u0130le \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131ray\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131n\u0131rsa, Rize akarsular\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye elektrik enerji potansiyeli i\u00e7indeki yeri daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Rize Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 2400 m\u2019yi a\u015fan b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde buzul a\u015fand\u0131rmas\u0131 ve biriktirmesi sonucu olu\u015fmu\u015f olan 19 adet k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck alanl\u0131 g\u00f6l tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Bu g\u00f6llerin en b\u00fcy\u00fckleri 0.07 km2 y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcndeki Ambar G\u00f6l\u00fc (2950m) ile B\u00fcy\u00fck Deniz G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019d\u00fcr (2900m.) 2400-3000 m y\u00fckseklikler aras\u0131nda yer alan bu g\u00f6llerin en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ise0.01 km y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcndeki \u00d6k\u00fczyata\u011f\u0131 G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019d\u00fcr. (2775 m).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

R\u0130ZE’N\u0130N TAR\u0130H\u0130 VE TANITIMI \u0130lin Ad\u0131n\u0131n Kayna\u011f\u0131 Rize\u2019nin tarihi \u00f6ncesi hakk\u0131nda bilgilerimiz s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00f6reye hakim olan orman dokusu nedeniyle, Rize\u2019nin tarih \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131 ile ilgili bilgilere \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutacak arkeolojik bulgular da bu g\u00fcne kadar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rize\u2019nin tarihi ancak kom\u015fu illerin ve b\u00f6lgelerin tarihleri ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nabilmi\u015ftir. Rize ilinin ad\u0131 ile ilgili olarak de\u011fi\u015fik […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":27,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template\/fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-142","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ahmetkabil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/142","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ahmetkabil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ahmetkabil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ahmetkabil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ahmetkabil.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=142"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.ahmetkabil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/142\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":146,"href":"https:\/\/www.ahmetkabil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/142\/revisions\/146"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ahmetkabil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ahmetkabil.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=142"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}